Virus Nipah – L’allarme dell’OMS su una possibile pandemia: il virus già è comparso in Malesia ed India. Le ultime notizie dal mondo di attualità tutte le ultime news aggiornate 24 ore su 24.
Mentre il Covid continua a diffondersi e a mietere vittime in tutto il mondo, e si fa sempre più contagioso e aggressivo attraverso nuove e più insidiose varianti, come quella inglese, ecco che dall’Oms arriva un primo segnale di allarme per un altro virus che sta contagiando parte dell’India.
Sono diverse le pandemie che potrebbero svilupparsi nei prossimi anni, e ripetuti gli allarmi delle autorità sanitarie e le raccomandazioni a prepararsi con adeguati piani pandemici (proprio quello che è mancato all’Italia…), ma alcune epidemie sono già tra noi. Non c’è solo l’influenza aviaria (arrivata anche nel sud della Francia) con i suoi differenti ceppi a preoccupare.
Da giugno 2020 alcuni esperti virologici stanno nuovamente allertando le principali autorità sanitarie mondiali per via di un virus che si sta diffondendo in alcune parti dell’India, e già noto. Si tratta del cosiddetto virus Nipah, già comparso nel 1998 in Malesia, che sembrerebbe provenire dai pipistrelli della frutta.
L’Organizzazione mondiale della sanità aveva avvertito lo scorso giugno di una nuova epidemia in India, Paese in cui negli ultimi anni si è verificata la maggior parte dei casi insieme al Bangladesh. La comunità scientifica ritiene che la maggior parte dei casi provenga da avvelenamenti causati dal consumo di succo di palma da dattero, molto diffuso nei due Paesi. I pipistrelli si rifugiano in questi alberi.
Cos’è il virus Nipah?
L’infezione da virus Nipah, che l’OMS ha identificato come malattia prioritaria per il suo piano di ricerca e sviluppo, è una malattia zoonotica che viene trasmessa alle persone dagli animali e può anche essere trasmessa attraverso alimenti contaminati o direttamente da persona a persona.
Sebbene il virus Nipah abbia causato solo pochi focolai noti in Asia, infetta una vasta gamma di animali e causa gravi malattie e morte nelle persone.
La prima epidemia in Malesia nel 1998
Durante la prima epidemia riconosciuta in Malesia nel 1998, che ha colpito anche Singapore, la maggior parte delle infezioni umane è derivata dal contatto diretto con i suini malati o con i loro tessuti contaminati. Si pensa dunque che la trasmissione sia avvenuta tramite esposizione non protetta alle secrezioni dei suini o contatto non protetto con il tessuto di un animale malato.
Nelle successive epidemie in Bangladesh e in India, il consumo di frutta o prodotti a base di frutta, come il succo di palma da dattero crudo, contaminati da urina o saliva da pipistrelli della frutta infetti è stata la fonte più probabile di infezione.
L’epidemia del 2018 nel Kerala, India
L’epidemia del 2018 era localizzata in due distretti dello Stato del Kerala: Kozhikode e Malappuram. Il 19 maggio 2018 erano stati segnalati tre decessi dovuti all’infezione da NiV (Nipah) dal distretto Kozhikode, nello Stato del Kerala. Al 17 luglio 2018 erano stati segnalati 19 casi in totale, inclusi 17 decessi.
Dal 1° giugno 2018 non vi sono segnalazioni su nessun nuovo caso o decesso. E al 30 luglio, nello Stato del Kerala la trasmissione interumana di NiV è stata controllata.
Nei pazienti infetti si era osservata sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto ed encefalite. Si era trattato della prima epidemia da NiV segnalata nello Stato del Kerala e la terza epidemia di NiV verificatasi in India; le due precedenti epidemie hanno avuto luogo nello Stato del Bengala Occidentale nel 2001 e nel 2007.
I sintomi del virus Nipah
Il virus può anche causare gravi malattie ad animali come i maiali, con conseguenti perdite economiche significative per gli agricoltori. Ma soprattutto, nell’uomo, nelle persone infette, provoca una serie di malattie dall’infezione asintomatica – subclinica – alla malattia respiratoria acuta e all’encefalite fatale.
Le infezioni umane vanno da infezioni asintomatiche a infezioni respiratorie acute, convulsioni ed encefalite fatale. Le persone infette inizialmente sviluppano sintomi che includono febbre, mal di testa, mialgia, vomito e mal di gola. Questo può essere seguito da vertigini, sonnolenza, alterazione dello stato di coscienza e segni neurologici che indicano un’encefalite acuta.
Alcune persone possono anche sperimentare polmonite atipica e gravi problemi respiratori, incluso distress respiratorio acuto. Encefalite e convulsioni si verificano nei casi gravi, progredendo fino al coma entro 24-48 ore.
La maggior parte delle persone si riprende completamente, anche se ad alcuni rimangono condizioni neurologiche residue dopo l’encefalite acuta. Sono stati anche segnalati alcuni casi di ricaduta.
Cosa fa paura del virus Nipah: contagiosità e mortalità
Ciò che preoccupa di più di questo virus è il suo alto tasso di mortalità – tra il 40 e il 75% – e il uso livello particolarmente elevato di contagiosità, che però può variare molto in base all’epidemia a seconda della sorveglianza e della gestione clinica nelle aree colpite.
Il periodo di incubazione va da 4 a 14 giorni, ma si riporta un periodo di incubazione fino a 45 giorni. La trasmissione da uomo a uomo del virus Nipah è stata segnalata anche tra familiari e operatori sanitari di pazienti infetti.
Inoltre, dicono gli esperti, è in grado di danneggiare gravemente il cervello, lasciando importanti conseguenze neurologiche. Per questo l’Oms raccomanda una terapia intensiva di supporto per il trattamento di gravi complicanze respiratorie e neurologiche.
Come si contrasta o si previene il virus Nipah
L’unica rassicurazione arriva dal fatto che il Nipah è un virus molto localizzato e che, date le circostanze attuali, è piuttosto difficile che si diffonda in un altro continente, anche se l’allerta deve essere massima.
Al momento non ci sono farmaci o vaccini che prendono di mira specificamente il virus Nipah. L’infezione può essere però prevenuta evitando l’esposizione a suini e pipistrelli malati nelle aree endemiche. Ed evitando il consumo di frutta mangiucchiata da pipistrelli infetti o di bere succo di palma da dattero grezzo o bevande che lo contengono.
Il rischio di trasmissione internazionale attraverso frutta contaminata da urina o saliva di pipistrelli frugivori può essere prevenuto. Come? lavando accuratamente la frutta e sbucciandola prima del consumo. La frutta con segni di morsi di pipistrello dovrebbe essere scartata.
I rischi per l’Asia sempre più urbanizzata
Ricordiamo che il 60% della popolazione mondiale vive in Asia e nelle regioni del Pacifico e la rapida urbanizzazione è ancora in corso. Secondo la Banca mondiale, quasi 200 milioni di persone si sono trasferite nelle aree urbane dell’Asia orientale tra il 2000 e il 2010.
Come scrivono Rebekah J White e Orly Razgour in un’analisi dell’Università di Exeter del 2020 sulle malattie zoonotiche emergenti, i dati in nostro possesso indicano chiaramente che la diffusione di nuovi agenti patogeni zoonotici. E il rischio di trasmissione accelerano con i cambiamenti nell’uso del suolo come la deforestazione, l’urbanizzazione e l’intensificazione dell’agricoltura.
Fonte: Quifinanza.it
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